Hand & Upper Extremity

Wrist fractures are common injuries resulting from falls or direct impacts to the wrist. Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, bruising, and deformity. Causes typically involve trauma from accidents, sports injuries, or osteoporosis in older adults. Treatment varies depending on the severity of the fracture. Minor fractures may be treated with immobilization using a cast or splint, along with pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications. Severe fractures may require surgical intervention to realign and stabilize the bones using pins, plates, or screws. Rehabilitation through physical therapy is essential for restoring strength and mobility.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome occurs when the median nerve is compressed as it travels through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. This condition typically results in symptoms such as tingling, numbness, and weakness in the hand and fingers, which often become more pronounced during the night. Common causes are repetitive hand movements, wrist anatomy, and conditions like diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment includes wrist splinting, especially at night, to keep the wrist in a neutral position, and anti-inflammatory medications to reduce swelling. Physical therapy and ergonomic adjustments to reduce strain on the wrist are also beneficial. Severe cases may require surgical release of the carpal tunnel to relieve nerve pressure.

Dupuytren’s contracture is a hand condition where the fingers slowly bend towards the palm due to the thickening of connective tissue beneath the skin of the palm. Symptoms include the formation of nodules in the palm, thickened tissue cords, and difficulty in straightening the fingers. While the precise cause is unclear, it is linked to genetic factors, alcohol use, and some medical conditions. Treatment options include needling techniques to break the cords of tissue, enzyme injections to soften and break down the thickened tissue, and surgery to remove the affected tissue and restore finger movement.

Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries in the elbow are common among athletes, particularly in throwing sports. Symptoms include pain on the inner side of the elbow, swelling, and instability. Causes are often due to repetitive stress and overuse, leading to ligament damage. Treatment typically involves rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory medications to manage pain and swelling. Physical therapy focuses on strengthening the muscles around the elbow to improve stability. In some cases, a brace may be used to protect the ligament during recovery. Severe injuries may require UCL reconstruction surgery.

UCL reconstruction, commonly known as Tommy John surgery, is used to fix a torn ulnar collateral ligament in the elbow. This operation is frequently performed on athletes with serious UCL injuries. During the surgery, the damaged ligament is replaced with a tendon taken from another part of the patient’s body or from a donor. Rehabilitation after the surgery is crucial, focusing on slowly regaining range of motion and strength. Recovery typically takes several months, with physical therapy playing a vital role in achieving a full return to activity

Bicep tendonitis is the inflammation of the tendons linking the bicep muscle to the shoulder and elbow. It is characterized by pain and tenderness in the front of the shoulder, weakness, and difficulty rotating the arm. This condition can be caused by repetitive overhead motions, overuse, and age-related wear and tear. Treatment typically includes rest and avoiding activities that worsen the symptoms. Applying ice and taking anti-inflammatory medications can help alleviate pain and swelling. Physical therapy is essential for strengthening the shoulder and enhancing flexibility. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damaged tendons.

Tennis elbow, medically known as lateral epicondylitis, develops due to repetitive strain, resulting in pain on the outer side of the elbow. Symptoms include tenderness and discomfort, particularly when gripping or lifting objects. This condition is commonly observed in tennis players and athletes who engage in repetitive wrist and arm movements. Treatment involves resting the affected arm, applying ice packs, and using anti-inflammatory medications to alleviate pain and reduce swelling. Physical therapy plays a crucial role in strengthening the forearm muscles and enhancing flexibility through specific exercises. Using an elbow brace can provide additional support during activities. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove damaged tissue and facilitate healing

Golfer’s elbow, or medial epicondylitis, is similar to tennis elbow but affects the inner side of the elbow. Symptoms include pain and tenderness, weakness in the hand and wrist, and stiffness in the elbow. Causes involve repetitive stress and overuse of the forearm muscles, commonly seen in golfers and other athletes. Treatment involves rest and avoiding activities that cause pain. Ice and anti-inflammatory medications help reduce inflammation and pain. Physical therapy includes exercises to strengthen and stretch the forearm muscles. Bracing the elbow can provide additional support, and in severe cases, surgical intervention may be required to repair damaged tissue.